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Summary

Science and Technology Class 10

## 5G (05:08 PM)

- It is an advanced level of mobile technology.
- 1G: Analog mobile phone
- 2G: Digital phones
- 3G: Smartphones
- 4G: It diluted the difference between phones and computers.

## How 4G and 5G are different from each other? (5:13 PM):

- |  |  |  |
  | --- | --- | --- |
  | **Parameters** | **4G** | **5G** |
  | **Speed** | 1 Gb/s | 20 Gb/s |
  | **Latency** | 10 ms | <1ms |
  | **Connection density** | 100,000/km2 | 1,000,000/km2 |
  | **Spectrum** | 3 GHz | 30GHz |

## Who decides telecommunication standards? (05:17 PM)

- 5G is not one technology but an amalgamation of many technologies which make 5 G standards possible.
- These standards are decided by:
- 1. International Telecommunication Union (a body of the UN), and
- 2. 3GPP (3rd generation Partnership Project).
- 3GPP includes 7 standard development organizations of the world.
- eg. Telecommunication standards development society of India is one of the members.

## Technologies and innovations of 5G (05:26 PM)

## :

- **1. Millimeter wave:**
- 5G is using following types of the spectrum:
- Low band (< 1 GHz)
- Mid band (1.25-4.7 GHz)
- High band (24-40 GHz):It lies in a millimeter wave region.
- **2. Small cell stations:**
- Small cells make use of low-power short-range wireless transmission that covers small geographical areas.
- It means cell stations will take less physical space, thus more cell stations and more density of connection can be supported.
- **4. Massive MIMO (Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs):**
- It is a wireless communication technique to send and receive multiple data signals simultaneously over the same radio channel.
- One small cell station can process many input and output signals simultaneously to many devices without any interference.
- **5. Beamforming:**
- It focuses wireless signals in a chosen direction towards a specific receiving device.
- This leads to improved signals and less interference between signals.
- **6. Network Slicing:**
- It is an algorithm where 1 physical network can be divided into various distinct virtual networks that provide different amounts of resources to different types of traffic.
- **7. Edge computing:**
- Cloud computing refers to the use of remote servers typically located in large data centers to manage, store, and process data and applications.
- With cloud computing, users can access services on demand over the internet without the need for hardware.
- Edge computing on the other hand involves processing and analyzing data closer to where it is generated.
- This approach is designed to reduce latency and improve real-time decision-making.
- Edge computing is being integrated with a 5 G Network.

## Challenges and Issues Associated with 5G

## (6:27 PM)

- 1. Complete 5 G supply chain has high import dependency because imports account for 90% of India's telecom equipment market.
- 2. There may be difficulty in availing of some bands required for 5G because of their uses in other areas.
- eg. Airline communication
- 3. 5 G is very much dependent upon virtual components which also enhances cyber security vulnerabilities.
- 4. Only about 1/3rd of base stations are connected by optical fiber cables
- 5. In India there is already a digital divide between rural and urban.
- 5G will widen this digital divide.
- 6. There is a perceived threat from 5G radiations. However, there is not enough scientific evidence regarding the damages of non-ionizing radiations.

## SUPERCOMPUTERS

## (07:14 PM)

- A type of computer that is designed to perform highly complex calculations and data-intensive tasks at extremely high speeds.
- They are different from normal day-to-day computers in several ways:
- 1. A supercomputer can perform multiple calculations simultaneously which is called parallel processing.
- In contrast, an ordinary computer does one work at a time in distinct series of operations through **serial** processing.
- 2. The capacity of a supercomputer is measured in **Flops (Floating lines operation per second).**
- A typical Super computer will have the capacity in **Petaflops**.
- While the capacity of an ordinary computer is measured in **MIPS (million instructions per second)**.
- 3. Supercomputer has a large amount of memory to support faster working.

## Application of Supercomputing (07:36 PM)

## :

- **1. Scientific research:**
- In many areas like astrophysics, cosmology, and material sciences among many others, Supercomputers are used.
- **2. Weather prediction and climate modeling:**
- Eg. Pratyush and Mihir Supercomputers are used for weather predictions.
- **3. Big Data Analytics:**
- It is the process of extracting useful information by analyzing different big data sets.
- **4. Optimization:**
- It is the process of finding the best possible solution for a given problem.
- Supercomputers can be used to accelerate the solution search process.
- **5. Simulations:**
- It refers to the process of imitating the behavior of a system or process in order to understand its characteristics and predict its performance.
- Simulation is helpful in predicting weather patterns, complex systems such as aircraft, space crafts, etc
- **6. Computational Biology:**
- It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both biology and computer science to analyze large collections of biological data such as genetic sequences, protein samples, etc.

## S

## upercomputing in India (7:54 PM)

- Supercomputing in India started in the late **1980s** after the **US** denied the import of supercomputers.
- India’s first Supercomputer was built by **CDAC**: **Param 8000** in **1991**.
- **Pratyush** and **Mihir** are two of the fastest supercomputers in India.
- The government launched **National Supercomputing Mission**which has the following salient features:
- 1. It envisages empowering our National academic research and development institutions by installing a vast supercomputing grid of more than**70** high-performing supercomputing facilities.
- 2. These supercomputers will be networked over the **National Knowledge Network**.
- 3. It is implemented by Dopt of Science and Tech and the Dept of Electronics and Information Tech through two organizations CDAC and IISc, Bangalore.
- 1st Supercomputer under this mission: PARAM Shivay
- Fastest under this mission: PARAM Siddhi

## THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY